西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：國產在線精品一區二區在線看:www.tutifudi.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安鍛銅雕(diao)塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理(li)化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發現最早(zao)而且又(you)(you)是(shi)常被應用(yong)得(de)(de)得(de)(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學符號(hao)是(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序數(shu)是(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)，比重(zhong)是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點是(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強度(du)(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)(ruan)而韌(ren)，其(qi)延(yan)(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好，易塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)加熱更(geng)易氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)，不能做(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)作用(yong)生成褐色(se)(se)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳作用(yong)形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)氯(lv)(lv)形成氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具有良(liang)好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)做(zuo)其(qi)它電鍍(du)(du)金屬(shu)之底(di)鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)做(zuo)為防(fang)止滲(shen)碳氮化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一(yi)可(ke)實(shi)用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍(du)(du)打(da)底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易電鍍(du)(du)，容(rong)易控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)分為紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)而熔點低，容(rong)易加工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大(da)部分是(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)富延(yan)(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)(you)能很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作意圖，且色(se)(se)澤渾厚、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)和(he)(he)各種(zhong)(zhong)裝飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種(zhong)(zhong)環境配合(he)，既可(ke)制作大(da)型壁畫、雕塑(su)(su)，又(you)(you)可(ke)做(zuo)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝飾(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)藝受到很多藝術家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成為許多壁畫、雕塑(su)(su)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入(ru)金屬(shu)錫(xi)冶煉而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較硬(ying)(ying)，相對(dui)延(yan)(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易變形，所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)般只適(shi)于(yu)制作一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里(li)加入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔化(hua)(hua)成為青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)要(yao)比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但是(shi)熔點卻由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易加工(gong)，有一(yi)定準(zhun)確度(du)(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
二、國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西(xi)安鍛(duan)銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的加工技術(shu)(shu)和(he)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的視(shi)覺(jue)美感(gan)(gan)和(he)觸覺(jue)美感(gan)(gan)。銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑的藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之美是集材質之美、工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之美和(he)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之美三(san)者(zhe)綜合的結晶。因此，學習和(he)研究銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑需要(yao)從這三(san)者(zhe)入手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)欣賞也(ye)是需要(yao)這三(san)方(fang)面(mian)來進行，如(ru)果(guo)只(zhi)是從一(yi)個方(fang)面(mian)就很(hen)難了解和(he)把握銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)的真諦和(he)豐富的內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)種類的銅(tong)材料(liao)和(he)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)造型、結構的銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑對加工成(cheng)型工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的要(yao)求(qiu)也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所以成(cheng)型和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主(zhu)要(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大(da)加工成(cheng)型工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)還主(zhu)要(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍(du)金和(he)鍍(du)銀三(san)大(da)類。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)是銅雕塑的最古老(lao)的成型(xing)工藝(yi)之(zhi)一，它的加工方法是首先(xian)要(yao)用黏土或者其它可塑材料做(zuo)出原型(xing)，然后再(zai)翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)，之(zhi)后進(jin)行(xing)澆鑄(zhu)。根據(ju)鑄(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)材料的不同，主要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是(shi)(shi)我國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術(shu)之一，我們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早(zao)在商代就熟練地掌握了(le)這種(zhong)工藝(yi)，并用此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法首先(xian)是(shi)(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)”是(shi)(shi)指用于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精選細(xi)黏土敷在模(mo)(mo)型(xing)上，待半干(gan)(gan)時分(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)再經焙燒(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)①。這就形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多少(shao)視造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜程(cheng)度而定(ding)。如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或(huo)器物，在做(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)與(yu)(yu)內范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間距離就是(shi)(shi)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)(yao)預(yu)先(xian)做(zuo)好澆注口和(he)出氣孔(kong)。最后(hou)把內、外范(fan)(fan)合(he)起來(lai)，并敷上泥層進(jin)行加(jia)固。做(zuo)好上述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅(tong)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對于造(zao)型(xing)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)用分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。比(bi)如全身人像雕塑(su)，我們將(jiang)其頭與(yu)(yu)身體、四(si)(si)(si)肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將(jiang)四(si)(si)(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿出，再與(yu)(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)對接起來(lai)，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時四(si)(si)(si)肢便(bian)與(yu)(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產在線精品一區二區在線看:鍛銅雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理(li)化學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發現最早(zao)而且又(you)(you)是(shi)常被應用(yong)得(de)(de)得(de)(de)心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學符號(hao)是(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序數(shu)是(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)，比重(zhong)是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點是(shi)1083℃，沸(fei)點：2582℃，抗(kang)拉強度(du)(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)(ruan)而韌(ren)，其(qi)延(yan)(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好，易塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)，尤其(qi)是(shi)加熱更(geng)易氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)，不能做(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)作用(yong)生成褐色(se)(se)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳作用(yong)形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)氯(lv)(lv)形成氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具有良(liang)好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)做(zuo)其(qi)它電鍍(du)(du)金屬(shu)之底(di)鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)做(zuo)為防(fang)止滲(shen)碳氮化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯(wei)一(yi)可(ke)實(shi)用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍(du)(du)打(da)底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易電鍍(du)(du)，容(rong)易控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)分為紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)而熔點低，容(rong)易加工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大(da)部分是(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)富延(yan)(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)(you)能很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作意圖，且色(se)(se)澤渾厚、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)和(he)(he)各種(zhong)(zhong)裝飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、各種(zhong)(zhong)環境配合(he)，既可(ke)制作大(da)型壁畫、雕塑(su)(su)，又(you)(you)可(ke)做(zuo)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝飾(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)藝受到很多藝術家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成為許多壁畫、雕塑(su)(su)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)料。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入(ru)金屬(shu)錫(xi)冶煉而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較硬(ying)(ying)，相對(dui)延(yan)(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)(cai)易變形，所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)般只適(shi)于(yu)制作一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊(kuai)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料里(li)加入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)(cai)(cai)料后熔化(hua)(hua)成為青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)要(yao)比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但是(shi)熔點卻由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料易加工(gong)，有一(yi)定準(zhun)確度(du)(du)，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
銅(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的加工技術(shu)(shu)和(he)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的視(shi)覺(jue)美感(gan)(gan)和(he)觸覺(jue)美感(gan)(gan)。銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑的藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之美是集材質之美、工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之美和(he)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之美三(san)者(zhe)綜合的結晶。因此，學習和(he)研究銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑需要(yao)從這三(san)者(zhe)入手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)欣賞也(ye)是需要(yao)這三(san)方(fang)面(mian)來進行，如(ru)果(guo)只(zhi)是從一(yi)個方(fang)面(mian)就很(hen)難了解和(he)把握銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)的真諦和(he)豐富的內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)種類的銅(tong)材料(liao)和(he)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)造型、結構的銅(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)塑對加工成(cheng)型工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的要(yao)求(qiu)也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所以成(cheng)型和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主(zhu)要(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚接、切割等五大(da)加工成(cheng)型工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)還主(zhu)要(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍(du)金和(he)鍍(du)銀三(san)大(da)類。
（一）鑄(zhu)造工藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)是銅雕塑的最古老(lao)的成型(xing)工藝(yi)之(zhi)一，它的加工方法是首先(xian)要(yao)用黏土或者其它可塑材料做(zuo)出原型(xing)，然后再(zai)翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)，之(zhi)后進(jin)行(xing)澆鑄(zhu)。根據(ju)鑄(zhu)造(zao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)材料的不同，主要(yao)分為(wei)陶范鑄(zhu)造(zao)、金屬范鑄(zhu)造(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)造(zao)（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)造(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是(shi)(shi)我國最古老的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術(shu)之一，我們的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早(zao)在商代就熟練地掌握了(le)這種(zhong)工藝(yi)，并用此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)(cheng)就了(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法首先(xian)是(shi)(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)”是(shi)(shi)指用于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精選細(xi)黏土敷在模(mo)(mo)型(xing)上，待半干(gan)(gan)時分(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)再經焙燒(shao)成(cheng)(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)①。這就形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)外范(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片多少(shao)視造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜程(cheng)度而定(ding)。如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或(huo)器物，在做(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)與(yu)(yu)內范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)空間距離就是(shi)(shi)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)(yao)(yao)預(yu)先(xian)做(zuo)好澆注口和(he)出氣孔(kong)。最后(hou)把內、外范(fan)(fan)合(he)起來(lai)，并敷上泥層進(jin)行加(jia)固。做(zuo)好上述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅(tong)澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對于造(zao)型(xing)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)用分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。比(bi)如全身人像雕塑(su)，我們將(jiang)其頭與(yu)(yu)身體、四(si)(si)(si)肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將(jiang)四(si)(si)(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿出，再與(yu)(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)對接起來(lai)，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀干(gan)(gan)時四(si)(si)(si)肢便(bian)與(yu)(yu)軀干(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)一體了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產在線精品一區二區在線看:鍛銅雕塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
相關產品
相關文章
- 國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安鍛銅雕塑,鍛銅佛像制作工藝2018年(nian)11月17日
- 國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安鍛銅雕塑設計哪家好-易銅坊雕塑2018年11月29日
- 國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安鍛銅雕塑廠哪家好-易銅坊雕塑2018年12月04日
- 國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安鍛銅雕塑在景觀雕塑中的位置2018年12月11日
- 國產在線精品一區二區在線看:西安鍛銅雕塑在城市景觀雕塑中的地位2018年(nian)12月26日